Technologys Impact On Learning - 1028 Words

Technologys Impact on Learning. (2003, June). Retrieved from NSBA.org: HYPERLINK http://www.nsba.org/sbot/toolkit/tiol/html http://www.nsba.org/sbot/toolkit/tiol/html Focuses on ways that technology impacts learning and cheating; especially in realm of Internet sourcing. Anderman, E., Midgley, C. (2004). Changes in self-reported academic cheating across the transition from middle school to high school. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 29, 499-517. Peer reviewed article in which data suggests that self-reported cheating is on the rise based on students view that everyone does it. Cahn and Markie. (2008). Ethics: History, Theory, and Contemporary Issues. New York: Oxford University Press. Academic text that outlines basic premises of ethics and how they apply to contemporary life. Center for School Mental Health Analysis and Action. (2006.). Enhancing student connectedness to schools. Retrieved from HYPERLINK http://csmh.umaryland.edu/resources.html/caring%20connectedness%20brief.pdf http://csmh.umaryland.edu/resources.html/caring%20connectedness%20brief.pdf Lay persons article that focuses on ways in which students can become More connected to school environment, therefore reduction in dishonesty. Chiesl, N. (2007, Fall). Pragmatic Methods to Reduce Dishonesty in Web-Based Courses. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 8(3), 203-211. Retrieved from http://www.EBSCOhost. Peer reviewed article explaining methods of assessment that lendShow MoreRelatedTechnologys Impact On Learning Bibliography2071 Words   |  8 PagesRunning head: BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 Technologys Impact on Learning. (2003, June). Retrieved from NSBA.org: http://www.nsba.org/sbot/toolkit/tiol/html Focuses on ways that technology impacts learning and cheating; especially in realm of Internet sourcing. Teachnology can have an extremely positive and proactive effect upon the learning cycle, but it can also contribute to cheating. It is easier, for instance, to find internet sources, copy materials from pre-done papers, and use cell and smart phonesRead MoreThe Importance Of Technology In Education872 Words   |  4 Pagesto see technology’s impact. Those who do not use technology do not realize that technology can be compatible and convenient in any environment, is constantly being updated with new resources, and it helps give students a better understanding of a specific class course. All because of technology’s advancements over the years, the education world has majorly changed from being stressful to simple. For example, technology is compatible and convenient in any environment which makes learning efficientRead MoreTechnology As A Way Of Life And Express1297 Words   |  6 Pageswho is â€Å"developing technical skills, interests, and related expectations demand for technology-enhanced learning opportunities which ultimately requires new pedagogical approaches in higher education† (Evans and Forbes 2012; Tapscott 1997 as cited in Smith 2014). But with every new progression in education, there are always benefits and problems that arise, specifically when it comes to technology’s influence on student education. I have been asked by the University of Toronto Mississauga to examineRead MoreTechnology And Its Impact On Society1198 Words   |  5 Pagesdaily lives. They’re endless demands as consumers of technology, people use technology to accomplish simple tasks every day. Technology’s used in business, education, communication, healthcare, entertainment and so much more. There’s an unquestionable impact of technology on society. Whether considering the plow, vaccinations, or the internet, technology has had a huge impact on society. While not every advance benefits society, there’s many positive effects of technology. Modern technology makes lifeRead MoreThe Positive And Negative Effects Of Technology In The Classroom959 Words   |  4 Pagespeople have changed the way that students are being taught things, and now they’ve introduced technology into classrooms. More than anything, people question how much technology helps a student, as well as whether or not it actually hinders their learning. Both positive and negative effects have made themselves present, and both are continuing to grow in number. Whether liked or not, technology is a large part of today’s world, and people will only continue to use it as it grows. In classrooms todayRead MoreTechnology And The Educational System977 Words   |  4 Page sit’s expanding influence in classrooms results in an increase in student comprehension and rate of achievement. Today, technology is ingrained into every aspect of one’s life, including education. One of the most prominent ways in which technology impacts the classroom is through the abundant amount of knowledge available. A few decades ago, libraries were often the sole means of gathering information and research in classrooms. However, in recent years, the internet has made knowledge more accessibleRead MoreMarketing Strategy of Wal-Mart1475 Words   |  6 Pagessupercenters. Most importantly, anti-trust regulations have restricted price competiton, preventing Wal-Mart from putting pressure on German suppliers (Lichtenstein, 2006). This low threat of new entry to the German retail market is an important learning experience that in order to continue expansion, the company must create stretch and be open to new strategies more suitable to the competitive environment (Hamel and Prahalad, 1993). The threat of new entrants into markets in which Wal-Mart isRead MoreTechnology Impact On Society1356 Words   |  6 Pagesand more efficient for technology to be created to replace what it takes a person to complete in a certain amount of time. Technology will always be faster. This is causing hundreds of people to be out of work every year (Purcell and Rainie, â€Å"Technology’s Impact). The work force is not the only aspect of life that is affected by this growth. George Paul shows that â€Å"increased demand for technology comes with increased pressure on natural resources.† Considering the great number of technology manufacturedRead MoreDependence on Tecnology1554 Words   |  7 PagesENC-1101 19 julio 2014 Word count 1515 Technology’s Takeover: Is it too Late to Unplug? â€Å"Though technology has allowed us to improve and modify traditional tasks, it has also clouded our realization of the dependency we have on it† (Sala). Ever since men’s first thoughts, technology, as a synonym for development, has been around. From the first fire pit, to the first boat design, and finally to the first electronic device, through eras, the human race has managed to discover more ways to doRead MoreImpact Of Technology On The Health Of People Across The Globe1664 Words   |  7 Pageslives, and this has had more consequences than positives. Although the advancements in technology have had positive aspects, tools that we are creating now are having more adverse effects than positive effects when used improperly. Technology’s largest positive impact has been its role in the health of people across the globe. In 1900 the average life expectancy was 46.3 years for males and in 1998 it was at 73.8 years (Berkeley). The reason for this is the advancements in medical technology. Year

I will provide the details shortly Example

Essays on I will provide the details shortly Coursework Finance and Accounting work Question A) Individual hypothesis testing is the ability to test the given statistical hypothesis with the objective of accepting or rejecting a null hypothesis. On the other hand, joint hypothesis testing involves testing of the statistical method without giving a level of overall certainty of the fulfillment of the given objective. A given statistical phenomena can be fulfilled with respect to the method used. B) The F test is based on the ratio of variances and is used to make comparison of two means or treatments. Therefore, the F test is used for experiments involving more than two treatments. Therefore, it determines whether one can assume that two independent estimates of variance can be assumed to estimate the same variance. The ability of the treatments to differ implies that the variation in treatment means will be greater than variation arising from random differences among individuals. C) A single index model is a pricing model that measures that risk and the return on the stock of an organization with its common applications being in the financial industry. The multi-factor model also has its applications in the financial sector. However, the model involves utility of multiple factors in its computations that are used to explain the market phenomena such as equilibrium of prices. Its applications include explanation of individual or portfolio security. An example of a multifactor model is displayed below and is used to stock market factors. Ri = ai + ÃŽ ²i(m) Rm + ÃŽ ²i(1)F1 + ÃŽ ²i(2)F2 +†¦+ÃŽ ²i(N)FN + ei Where: Ri  represents the returns of security i Rm  represents the market return F(1,2,3†¦N) represents each of the factors used ÃŽ ²Ã‚  represents the beta with respect to each factor including the market (m) e  represents the error term a  represents the intercept Question 2 a) t-values ri = 0.080 + 0.801Si + 0.321MBi + 0.164PEi - 0.084BETAi (0.064) (0.147) (0.136) (0.420) (0.120) 1.25 5.45 2.36 0.390 -0.700 The t ratios are calculated by division of estimates by the standard error. Based on the provided estimates, and standard errors, the calculated t values are as indicated below each value in the above equation. The null hypothesis is rejected at the 5% level if the absolute value of the test statistic is greater than the critical value. The above values indicate that the absolute values are greater than the critical t values except for beta. This means that we reject the null hypothesis and confirm that the firm size and the market to book value have a significant impact in the returns of the stock of the firm. b) The initial regression carried out is the unrestricted regression while the second is the restricted one. The F test is used to test the hypothesis with the sample values being: F = [(RSSr – RSSu)/m]/(RSSu/(n-k) F = [(222.7 – 203.8)/2]/(203.8/216-3-1) = 9.83 This is followed by calculation of the critical value of F from the tables at 5% level. The outcome is 3.00. The absolute value of F is higher than the critical value, thereby implying that we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that ÃŽ ²2 and ÃŽ ²3 are not jointly equal to zero. In addition, HML and SMB have a significant impact on the excess return of the portfolio of the company. Question 3: The reported results indicate that there is evidence for the day-of-the-week effect. The outcome indicates that the day of the week effect has a positive impact on an individual due to the positive intercept. Similarly, Tuesday has a positive effect. However, the rest of the days of the week have a negative effect on an individual. Only the Monday dummy is significant at the 5% level of significance. This suggests that the Mondays returns are significantly smaller than Wednesdays returns on average (note that the coefficient is interpreted as the difference in average returns between Wednesday and Monday. Exercise 5A: Lab Questions 1) a). The intercept is negative indicating that autonomous returns of all share FTSE is negative. b). The slope coefficient beta is 1.408, which implies that the price of the stock is more volatile than the market. The stock price is 40.8% more volatile than the market. c). The coefficient of determination R is 0.4874. This implies that the changes in the market explain 48.74% of the changes in the price of the stock. d) In Q2, the p value is 0.0108. This means that there is relative evidence against the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis. This is the reason for the rejection of the null hypothesis. e) beta values are significant to the study and indicate that the stock price is highly volatile than the market. f) the significance F is 1.3, which implies the variation among groups. This means that the null hypothesis is rejected. 5b Q1, Q2, Q3 Prices Log Returns Date PFT100 PBARC RFT100 RBARC Jan-2003 3567.4 240.63       Feb-2003 3655.6 260.69 0.02442 0.08007 Mar-2003 3613.3 259.27 -0.01164 -0.00546 Apr-2003 3926 307.04 0.08300 0.16911 May-2003 4048.1 305.44 0.03063 -0.00522 Jun-2003 4031.2 319.65 -0.00418 0.04547 Jul-2003 4157 332.61 0.03073 0.03974 Aug-2003 4161.1 331.51 0.00099 -0.00331 Sep-2003 4091.3 332.77 -0.01692 0.00379 Oct-2003 4287.6 358.17 0.04686 0.07356 Nov-2003 4342.6 369.34 0.01275 0.03071 Dec-2003 4476.9 359.07 0.03046 -0.02820 Jan-2004 4390.7 356.73 -0.01944 -0.00654 Feb-2004 4492.2 358.14 0.02285 0.00394 Mar-2004 4385.7 354.8 -0.02399 -0.00937 Apr-2004 4489.7 376.46 0.02344 0.05926 May-2004 4430.7 352.03 -0.01323 -0.06710 Jun-2004 4464.1 347.77 0.00751 -0.01218 Jul-2004 4413.1 340.55 -0.01149 -0.02098 Aug-2004 4459.3 386.99 0.01041 0.12784 Sep-2004 4570.8 398.65 0.02470 0.02968 Oct-2004 4624.2 400.16 0.01162 0.00378 Nov-2004 4703.2 406.17 0.01694 0.01491 Dec-2004 4814.3 440.77 0.02335 0.08175 Jan-2005 4852.3 437.77 0.00786 -0.00683 Feb-2005 4968.5 436.34 0.02367 -0.00327 Mar-2005 4894.4 417.8 -0.01503 -0.04342 Apr-2005 4801.7 414.71 -0.01912 -0.00742 May-2005 4964 402.74 0.03324 -0.02929 Jun-2005 5113.2 429 0.02961 0.06317 Jul-2005 5282.3 430.16 0.03254 0.00270 Aug-2005 5296.9 434.01 0.00276 0.00891 Sep-2005 5477.7 449.71 0.03356 0.03554 Oct-2005 5317.3 439.51 -0.02972 -0.02294 Nov-2005 5423.2 463.45 0.01972 0.05304 Dec-2005 5618.8 479.53 0.03543 0.03411 Jan-2006 5760.3 471.69 0.02487 -0.01648 Feb-2006 5791.5 524.66 0.00540 0.10643 Mar-2006 5964.6 542.71 0.02945 0.03382 Apr-2006 6023.1 551.98 0.00976 0.01694 May-2006 5723.8 497.99 -0.05097 -0.10293 Jun-2006 5833.4 495.17 0.01897 -0.00568 Jul-2006 5928.3 506.05 0.01614 0.02173 Aug-2006 5906.1 538.44 -0.00375 0.06204 Sep-2006 5960.8 551.95 0.00922 0.02478 Oct-2006 6129.2 579.38 0.02786 0.04850 Nov-2006 6048.8 557.27 -0.01320 -0.03891 Dec-2006 6220.8 597.81 0.02804 0.07022 Jan-2007 6203.1 606 -0.00285 0.01361 Feb-2007 6171.5 606 -0.00511 0.00000 Mar-2007 6308 607.49 0.02188 0.00246 Apr-2007 6449.2 612.96 0.02214 0.00896 May-2007 6621.4 608.33 0.02635 -0.00758 Jun-2007 6607.9 586.42 -0.00204 -0.03668 Jul-2007 6360.1 588.95 -0.03822 0.00431 Aug-2007 6303.3 526.42 -0.00897 -0.11224 Sep-2007 6466.8 510.97 0.02561 -0.02979 Oct-2007 6721.6 518.26 0.03864 0.01417 Nov-2007 6432.5 483.08 -0.04396 -0.07029 Dec-2007 6456.9 432.46 0.00379 -0.11069 Jan-2008 5879.8 403.29 -0.09363 -0.06983 Feb-2008 5884.3 409.51 0.00077 0.01531 Mar-2008 5702.1 408.84 -0.03145 -0.00164 Apr-2008 6087.3 412 0.06537 0.00770 May-2008 6053.5 338.44 -0.00557 -0.19668 Jun-2008 5625.9 263.08 -0.07326 -0.25189 Jul-2008 5411.9 305.05 -0.03878 0.14802 Aug-2008 5636.6 330.3 0.04068 0.07953 Sep-2008 4902.5 305.51 -0.13954 -0.07802 Oct-2008 4377.3 167.4 -0.11331 -0.60160 Nov-2008 4288 158.51 -0.02061 -0.05457 Dec-2008 4434.2 143.54 0.03353 -0.09920 Jan-2009 4149.6 99.28 -0.06634 -0.36867 Feb-2009 3830.1 87.39 -0.08012 -0.12756 Mar-2009 3926.1 138.48 0.02476 0.46035 Apr-2009 4243.7 263.4 0.07779 0.64295 May-2009 4417.9 278.37 0.04023 0.05528 Jun-2009 4249.2 264.8 -0.03893 -0.04998 Jul-2009 4608.4 282.86 0.08115 0.06598 Aug-2009 4908.9 355.8 0.06317 0.22942 Sep-2009 5133.9 346.21 0.04482 -0.02732 Oct-2009 5044.5 301.29 -0.01757 -0.13897 Nov-2009 5190.7 274.42 0.02857 -0.09341 Dec-2009 5412.9 259.08 0.04192 -0.05752 Jan-2010 5188.5 253.96 -0.04234 -0.01996 Feb-2010 5354.5 294.76 0.03149 0.14898 Mar-2010 5679.6 339.84 0.05894 0.14231 Apr-2010 5553.3 319.04 -0.02249 -0.06316 May-2010 5188.4 288.66 -0.06797 -0.10007 Jun-2010 4916.9 255.97 -0.05375 -0.12019 Jul-2010 5258 314.87 0.06707 0.20710 Aug-2010 5225.2 286.97 -0.00626 -0.09278 Sep-2010 5548.6 284.31 0.06005 -0.00931 Oct-2010 5675.2 260.59 0.02256 -0.08712 Nov-2010 5528.3 243.97 -0.02623 -0.06590 Dec-2010 5899.9 249.21 0.06506 0.02125 Jan-2011 5862.9 279.78 -0.00629 0.11571 Feb-2011 5994 307.02 0.02211 0.09291 Mar-2011 5908.8 266.42 -0.01432 -0.14184 Apr-2011 6069.9 270.98 0.02690 0.01697 May-2011 5990 266.49 -0.01325 -0.01671 Jun-2011 5945.7 247.03 -0.00742 -0.07583 Jul-2011 5815.2 214.81 -0.02219 -0.13976 Aug-2011 5394.5 165.4 -0.07510 -0.26139 Sep-2011 5128.5 156.3 -0.05057 -0.05659 Oct-2011 5544.2 189.18 0.07794 0.19092 Nov-2011 5505.4 175.57 -0.00702 -0.07466 Dec-2011 5572.3 171.48 0.01208 -0.02357 Jan-2012 5681.6 207.03 0.01942 0.18840 Feb-2012 5871.5 241.56 0.03288 0.15425 Mar-2012 5768.5 231.95 -0.01770 -0.04060 Apr-2012 5737.8 215.19 -0.00534 -0.07500 May-2012 5320.9 174.6 -0.07543 -0.20902 Jun-2012 5571.1 161.28 0.04595 -0.07936 Jul-2012 5635.3 166.38 0.01146 0.03113 Aug-2012 5711.5 182.49 0.01343 0.09242 Sep-2012 5742.1 213.96 0.00534 0.15909 Oct-2012 5782.7 226.56 0.00705 0.05722 Nov-2012 5866.8 246 0.01444 0.08232 Dec-2012 5897.8 262.4 0.00527 0.06454 4) Descriptive statistics Descriptive statistics    RFT100 RBARC Mean 0.0042 0.0007 Standard Error 0.0036 0.0120 Median 0.0098 -0.0016 Mode - - Standard Deviation 0.0395 0.1313 Sample Variance 0.0016 0.0172 Kurtosis 1.3820 8.6869 Skewness -0.8062 0.3187 Range 0.2225 1.2445 Minimum -0.1395 -0.6016 Maximum 0.0830 0.6429 Sum 0.5027 0.0866 Count 119 119 5) Histograms for the two return series 6) Comments on descriptive statistics The means of RFT100 is higher than that of RBARC (0.0007). the standard error in RFT100 is 0.0036, which is lower than 0.012 of RBARC. The former has a higher median of 0.0098 compared to -0.0016. On the contrary, RBARC has a higher standard deviation of 0.1313 while its variance is 0.0172. RFT100 is skewed to the left at -0.8062 while RBARC is skewed to the right at 0.3187. Both have negative and positive minimums and maximums respectively while the sum varies. 7) Time series plot of prices

The Aztecs Engineering An Empire Essay Example For Students

The Aztecs Engineering An Empire Essay The Aztecs were an American Indian people who ruled a mighty empire in Mexico from the 1400s to the 1500s. The Aztecs had one of the most advanced civilizations in the Americas and built cities as large as any in Europe at that time. They also practiced a remarkable religion that affected every part of their lives and featured human sacrifice. The Aztecs built towering temples, created huge sculptures, and held impressive ceremonies all for the purpose of worshipping their gods. The Spaniards destroyed their magnificent empire in the year 1521, but the Aztecs left a lasting mark on Mexican life and culture . The majority of the Aztecs lived in what is now called the Valley of Mexico. Located at an elevation of over 7,000 feet, the large valley has housed many great cities. From the massive pyramids of Tenochtitlan, to the inhabitants of the vast hub of modern Mexico City, the great valley has been the heartland of many empires . The mighty Aztecs were the last indigenous group of people to enter the Valley of Mexico. Like many other pre-Columbian cultures, the Aztecs developed their own political system, religion, social structure, agricultural techniques, lifestyle and worldview . The Aztecs were truly unique. The early Aztecs were semi-nomadic hunters and farmers. According to legend, in about 1000 AD the Aztecs left their mythic, island homeland of Aztlan in the desert frontiers of northern Mexico to begin their 100-year migration south to the Valley of Mexico. Led by their powerful patron god, Huiziloposhtli, they continued their migration southward, stopping along the way to plant crops, to build temples for their gods, and to offer human sacrifices in their honor . From groups they encountered as they traveled, the Aztecs adopted new customs and traditions. TheAztecs were becoming a very religious people. When the Aztecs reached the Valley of Mexico in about 1193, this fertile inland basin was already heavily populated and little land was left for them to colonize. The Aztecs appeared rude and uncivilized to the members of the older city-states that clustered around the basin . For about another 100 years they continued to look for a permanent home. As they continued their search they served as mercenary soldiers and servants for their powerful neighbors. They continued to absorb the traditions, manners, and customs of the more advanced and established communities that surrounded them. As the Aztecs grew in number, they established superior military and civil organizations. According to the famous legend, the Aztecs finally settled at a spot where an eagle sat upon a cactus eating a snake. This was a sign foretold by their patron god. The sign, found by the priests, finally appeared on a small island in Lake Texcoco. By 1325, on the island, the Aztecs built a temple to Huitziposhtli and began to construct the city of Tenochtitlan, the Place of Prickly Pear Cactus Fruit. Over the next 200 years, the city slowly became one of the largest and most powerful cities of the world, and was the giant heart of the Aztecs Empire . The Aztecs society was structured in a hierarchy with nobles at the top. Social status was determined primarily at birth. All members of the nobility could trace their lineage to the first Aztecs ruler Acamapichtli . The only way one could rise up to another class in the system was to perform an outstanding military achievement. Aztec society had four main classes: nobles, commoners, serfs, and slaves. The nobles usually held high military offices and government positions. However, nobles were also teachers, priests, and bureaucratic officials. The nobles controlled most of the wealth in Aztec society. Obviously, their lifestyles were different and more luxurious than those of the commoners and slaves . Most nobles also had their own private land or received extra government land for use during their term in public office. Commoners made up the majority of the Aztec population, and many of them made a living by farming their government owned plots. The commoners were the backbone of Aztec society, forming the large labor and military forces that maintained and controlled most of the empire. The serfs worked the land held by the nobles and remained on the land when a new noble acquired it . Slaves were considered property, but their children were born free. Most of the slaves were prisoners of war, criminals or people who could not pay their debts. The Aztecs also bought slaves from other groups. Social structure was an important thing in the lives of every Aztec . Religion was extremely important in Aztec life. The people devoted much of their time to religious practice and even waged war largely to obtain prisoners to sacrifice to their various gods. Much of the Aztec religion was based on traditions already established in ancient Meso-America. Older gods from ancient cultures were the basis for the gods they worshipped, but new gods were always being added to the list. The Aztecs performed ceremonies in the gods honor that included gifts of incense, flowers, birds, and animals. These offerings were usually given to happy gods, mainly Quetzalcoatl . Unfortunately, human sacrifice was also included in the list of offerings, whose hearts and blood were considered the supreme gift. Huiziloposhtli, the god of the sun and war, was the god that demanded the most sacrifices. Human and animal sacrifices were a major part of Aztec religion. For warriors, the ultimate honor was to be slain in battle or to volunteer for sacrifice in a major ritual . Prisoners were often used for less important rituals. In the important ritual of human sacrifice, the priests would take the victim to the heights of the pyramids where they would stretch the victim over a convex stone . One of the Aztec priests would then slice open the victims chest with a sharp knife and evict his heart as a tribute to the gods. The Aztecs believed that the gods needed human hearts and blood to remain strong, one of the reasons sacrifices were so important. After the heart had been removed from the victim, the priests would boil the body and members of the village would consume it as an act of ritualistic cannibalism. They may have thought that the dead persons strength and bravery passed to anyone who ate the flesh . Men were usually the victims of such sacrifices but women and children were also sacrificed. Women were sacrificed at a fall festival honoring the mother goddess of growing ripe corn . They were decapitated and their bodies were consumed. Children were sacrificed to mainly two gods: the god of rain, Tlaloc, and the god of fire, Xiuhtecuhutli. Children sacrificed to Tlaloc were usually strangled or drowned, and children sacrificed to Xiuhtecuhutli were usually tossed into fire, roasted on hot coals, or boiled to death. While each victim died in a different way all victims had their hearts removed . The Aztecs held many other religious ceremonies in which nobles and commoners alike participated. jimmy cross and george orwell comparison Essay Friends, neighbors and relatives would feast and celebrate all night during the ceremony. Among noble and wealthy families, the celebration was on a larger scale, rich with food and gifts. Celebrations of the poor were more modest. Throughout childhood, girls and boys were taught their responsibilities by their mothers and fathers. From an early age, mothers taught daughters how to spin thread on a spindle, how to weave cloth on a loom, how to grind corn on a stone and help prepare the familys meal. All women in Aztec society were expected to be accomplished weavers and cooks. From an early age, fathers taught their sons to carry water and firewood, to collect and bring home whatever people dropped at the local market, and how to fish with a net from a canoe. All children were expected to conform to the rules of Aztec society and to work and contribute to the needs of the household. The disobedient child was SEVERELY punished. A disobedient child was punished by being held over the smoke of a fire in which red chili peppers were burning. This was extremely painful to the eyes and burns could become severe. Parents and grandparents were always giving advice on proper conduct. Warfare was very important to Aztec society because it was considered a religious duty. Aztecs fought not only to enlarge their powerful empire, but to gain prisoners to sacrifice to the gods as well. The highest goal for a young man was to become a successful warrior. All able men were trained to be warriors, but only members of the nobility made up the prestigious Eagle and Jaguar Warriors. Men who took many captives in battle were rewarded. They gained land, high social rank and important government offices. Aztec methods of combat were designed to capture the enemy rather than kill him. The chief weapon was a wooden club with sharp pieces of obsidian. This weapon was effective for disabling an opponent without killing him. The Aztecs also used bows and arrows and spears. For protection, warriors carried wooden shields and wore padded cotton armor. Montezuma was the ruler of the Aztec Empire when Hernan Cortes of Spain landed on Mexico. Emperor Montezuma was born about 1480 and is perhaps the cause of his great empires collapse in 1521. Unlike previous Aztec rulers, who were great warriors and thinkers, Montezuma II was weak and incompetent. When the Spaniards arrived in 1519, Montezuma was unsure if these strange newcomers were men or powerful gods. Because of this, instead of fighting the Spaniards he tried to get rid of them by trickery, magic, and offering gifts. When this failed, Montezuma allowed Cortes to enter Tenochtitlan without a battle and received him in his court. This turned out to be a grave error. Montezuma was taken prisoner without resistance, but the brutal conduct of the invaders angered the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs were revolted at this treatment by the Spaniards. They managed to drive out the foreigners out of the city for a while, but when the Spanish did take over the city once again the inhabitants revolted. Cortes called on Montezuma to stop the revolt, but the Aztec ruler was stoned while addressing his subjects. After the stoning, there was a large battle. The furious Aztecs ousted the Spaniards from their city once and for all; or so they thought. Three days later Montezuma died of massive head injuries. The Aztecs thought their enemies had departed for good and would never return. The city returned to its normal daily and ceremonial routine. Unfortunately, things were not very normal for long. A plague of smallpox spread rapidly through the city. The inhabitants of the Americas had no immunity to this new disease brought on by the Spanish. The disease killed thousand of people, including the new Aztec ruler. On April 18, 1521, much to the Aztecs surprise, the Spanish marched back to Tenochtitlan with large forces of Indian allies and 900 soldiers. The soldiers constructed large boats to hold men and canons. On May 31, 1521, Cortes began his final siege of the great city. The boats sailed off the mainland and arrived at the island where horsemen and cavalry could be brought into the city. With this final task accomplished, the soldiers poured into the city. The siege of the capital lasted 75 days, causing great suffering to the people of Tenochtitlan. The final battle for Tenochtitlan was fought in the great marketplace. Nobles, warriors, and women alike made their last dying effort to capture the city. Unfortunately, this was too little, too late. Of the 300,000 Aztec defenders, only about 60,000 survived. The city was in a shambles. The great streets were lined with the bodies of the dead. Entire areas of the city were demolished, leaving only piles of rock behind. Within two years the city was totally leveled, homes were destroyed, temples burned, almost nothing was left standing. The Aztec capital had fallen. Very soon after this tragedy Spanish adventurers, priests, and soldiers rushed to the new land to look for fame and fortune, and to convert souls. A few came to make their homes, others came to convert the Indians to Catholicism. Most, however, came to just gather up the wealth of this new land. The great reign of the Aztecs had come to a close. Aztec artifacts were almost completely wiped out with entrance of the Spaniards. Many things the Aztecs created are gone and little Aztec architecture remains. The Spaniards considered it their duty as Christians to wipe out the temples and all other traces of Aztec Religion. Unfortunately, this means we do not know as much about the Aztecs as we could. However, archaeologists have found the site of the Great Temple in downtown Mexico City where Tenochtitlan was once located. Archaeologists have uncovered all four sides of the building and recovered about 6,000 objects, including jewelry, pottery, statues, wall carving, and remains of human and animal sacrifices. They have also restored some other Aztec buildings. After the Spanish arrival, Aztec culture came to an abrupt end. Art, literature, customs, religious figures, and almost every trace of the Aztecs were destroyed. However, some Aztec heritage still survives in the midst of modern day Mexico. They are the largest aboriginal group in Mexico and retain their ancient Aztec language. Their religion is also a combination of Roman Catholicism and Aztec tribal religion. Thousands of people in Mexico have Aztec ancestors, and many of them speak a modern form of the language of ancient Tenochtitlan, Nahuatl. Many Mexican place names come from Nahuatl. Foods that come from the Aztec include chili, chocolate, and tacos. They have become popular in many countries. Descendants of the Aztec live many places including the United States. The Aztec civilization may be gone, but it will never be forgotten. Words/ Pages : 3,490 / 24